The Books: “Angel in the Whirlwind : The Triumph of the American Revolution” (Benson Bobrick)

And here is my next excerpt of the day from my library.

I’m now ready to begin my American history section. I get nervous about this stuff because I am SO into it that I fear I won’t be able to express myself properly.

First book in this section is Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution, by Benson Bobrick. I really like this book. You know why? He comes right out in his introduction saying: “A great many books have been written on the American Revolution and quite a few of them are good. I have not written mine to try to supersede them, or out of some general dissatisfaction with the canon, but — hearkening to the voice of my own ancestral heritage — to retell the story in my own way.” He had ancestors who died on both sides of the war. So – it’s a story he likes, and he decided to write a book about it. There is nothing new here – but what I really like about it is his enthusiasm for the subject. He’s not a scholar. He just loves the story, and that comes through in his writing. Fans of this period in history would really enjoy this book. He’s no Catherine Drinker-Bowen, but then again – who is?

I also like (as always) how many primary documents he includes. That’s the stuff that I really like – because no matter how good a present-day narrator is – the men (and women) who were actually THERE told the story best – in their letters, and speeches, and pamphlets, etc. Bobrick peppers his entire narrative with first-person descriptions of this or that event. The book moves at a breakneck pace, and it’s a blast. Again – nothing new, but really enjoyable.

I’m going to post an excerpt about one of my favorite “characters” in this story: Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben. In 1778, Steuben – a Prussian, a veteran of many wars, a guy who served under Frederick the Great – arrived at Valley Forge – he was there to help whip the ragtag Continentals into an army that could win. Steuben just fascinates me. He passed himself off as a baron. He wasn’t a baron. He passed himself off as a “lieutenant general” – but he had never gotten that high up in the ranks. But hey – he was a “baron” who was also a “lieutenant general”, and that’s final! Washington was impressed with his abilities, and brought him onto the team. Ben Franklin – who had met Steuben in Paris, and who agreed with the French attitude that the American army needed an overhaul – needed organization – was the one who sent him to America, writing a letter of introduction to Washington for Steuben

Here’s an excerpt: (the whole anecdote about the petticoats is hysterical)

EXCERPT FROM Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution, by Benson Bobrick.

On September 26, Steuben set sail for America in a warship that masqueraded as a commercial transport belonging to Beaumarchais’s Rodrique Hortalez & Co. with the pretended destination of Martinique. The crossing took two months, which allowed Steuben plenthy of time to occupy himself with mathematical calculations (according to his predilection), take target practice, and acquaint himself with the words of the Abbe Raynal. When his ship finally docked at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on December 1, he was effusively welcomed by the local American commander, inspected the harbor fortifications, and dispatched a letter to Washington at Valley Forge. Briefed in advance about the political sensitivity of foreign appointments, he wrote, “My greatest ambition is to deserve the title of a citizen of America by fighting for the cause of liberty. But if the distinguished ranks in which I have served in Europe should be an obstacle, I had rather serve under your Excellecy as a volunteer than to be a student of discontent to such deserving officers as have already distinguished themselves amongst you.”

From Portsmouth, he proceeded to Boston, where he was the guest of John Hancock, and then on to York, Pennsylvania, to see what Congress would do.

The journey was not without adventure. Near the Connecticut border, when his weary party sought refuge from a furious snowstorm, a Tory innkeeper refused to put him up. “I have no beds, bread, meat, drink, milk, nor eggs for you,” he adamantly told them, which they could see was untrue. But repeated remonstrations did no good. “Bring me my pistols!” cried Steuben in German, and suddenly the innkeeper found a pistol at his chest. Accommodations were promptly furnished; their table lavishly spread. The following morning, after an abundant breakfast, the party resumed its journey, not forgetting to pay the innkeeper liberally with the Continental money he despised.

In Pennsylvania, where the Pennsylvania Dutch (Deutsch) community was large, he was everywhere received with both hospitality and pride. Many members of the community had portraits of Frederick the Great on their walls, and in one establishment at Manheim he almost collapsed from laughter at an engraving showing a Prussian knocking down a Frenchman, with the caption, “Ein Franzmann zum Preuszen wie eine Mucke” (“To a Prussian a Frenchman is like a goat.”)

Steuben made a favorable impression at York. Congress accepted his services, and he set out for Valley Forge. Washington met him on the outskirts of his encampment, and the very next day the troops were mustered for his review. “Never before or since, have I had such an impression of the ancient fabled God of War,” wrote a young private long afterward, “as when I looked on the baron: he seemed to me a perfect personification of Mars. The trappings of his horse, the enormous holster of his pistols, his large size, and his strikingly martial aspect, all seemed to favor the idea.”

Steuben soon discovered that in the Continental Army as it existed there was little internal administration in the conventional sense. Although the number of men in a regiment or a company, for example, had been fixed by Congress, each was made up of men who had enlisted for different terms. Thus, with the uncharted comings and goings of personnel, at any given moment, a company might have more men in it than a regiment and a regiment than a brigade. “The words company, regiment, brigade and division were so vague,” he wrote, “that they did not convey any idea upon which to form a calculation, either of the particular corps or of the army in general … I have seen a regiment consisting of thirty men, and a company of one corporal … No captain kept a book.” Leaves of absence and even dismissals were not always recorded, and many still on the regimental books had long since ceased to be part of the army. Army property — muskets, bayonets, clothing, and so on — was scattered everywhere, and at the end of each campaign, five thousand to eight thousand new muskets were carried off by men whose terms of enlistment had expired. There was no uniform code or system of regulations, and as for drill, “each colonel had a system of his own.”

Under Steuben, all that changed. Records were scrupulously kept, and at rigorous monthly inspections, every man not present had to be accounted for, as well as every piece of equipment — every musket, flint, and cartridge box. Steuben’s own methods of discipline were unfamiliar and at first met resistance: “My good republicans wanted everything in the English style; our great and good allies everything according to the French mode. When I presented a plate of sauerkraut dressed in the Prussian style, they all wanted to throw it out of the window. Nevertheless, by the force of proving by Goddams that my cookery was the best, I overcame their prejudices.”

Americans were not accustomed to blind obedience, and Steuben recognized and respected this. The genius of the nation, he wrote, “is not in the least to be compared with that of the Prussians, Austrians or French. You say to your soldier, ‘Do this,’ and he doeth it, but here I am obliged to say, ‘This is the reason why you ought to do that’: and then he does it.”

Steuben’s genius was his ability to unite Prussian virtues to those of the American mind. He brought uniformity and order to Continental training, drilled the troops repeatedly in different formations, and taught them how to deploy quickly from column into line, fire scything voleys, and deliver and receive bayonet attacks. He also insisted that all Continental officers drill their own soldiers instead of assigning the task to a soldier of lesser rank, both to encourage greater professionalism and to promote a closer bond between the officers and men. Until his advent, troops had drilled from at least three separate manuals, so that when they brigaded together, disarray ensued.

Steuben’s new military manual, or “The Blue Book”, simplified and shrewdly adapted standard procedures to the particular requirements of training patriot troops. In European armies at the time, a man who had been drilled for three months was still considered a raw recruit; Steuben knew he could not always count on more than a couple of months in which to turn his American recruits into soldiers. He worked on the manual during the winter of 1779, and it was accepted by Congress on March 29, 1779, ad published as Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, Part I. It remained the official manual of the U.S. Army until the War of 1812.

Steuben’s training brought together the best of traditional military thinking and American technique. He took into account the skirmishing style colonials had developed for themselves (in loose bodies rather than in close formations), organized sharpshooters into light infantry companies with their own special discipline and drill (an American innovation afterward adopted by all European armies), taught the Continentals how to use the bayonet, and had them aim their muskets like rifles, which improved their accuracy to a considerable degree. As occasion warranted, the light companies could also be detached from their “parent” regiments, brigaded together in a separate corps, and used as shock troops or advance guards for the main army.

As an example to the other officers, Steuben also created a model company which he drilled himself. “To see a gentleman dignified with a lieutenant general’s commission from the great Prussian monarch,” wrote one American colonel, “condescend with a grace peculiar to himself to take under his direction a squad of ten or twelve men in the capacity of a drill sergeant, commanded the admiration of both officers and men.”

Steuben had begun his task with almost no knowledge of English, and his young secretary and translator, Pierre Duponceau, remembered that “when some movement or maneuver was not performed toi his mind he began to swear in German, then in French, and then in both languages together. When he had exhausted his artillery of foreign oaths, he would call to his aides, ‘My dear [Captain Benjamin] Walker and my dear Duponceau, come and swear for me in English. These fellows won’t do what I bid them.’ A good-natured smile then went through the ranks and at last the maneuver or the movement was properly performed.”

(Steuben’s English steadily improved to the point where he was capable of a happy pun. Despite his parade-ground vituperations he had an elegant social manner, and on one occasion, on being presented to a beautiful Miss Sheaf, he said, “Ah, madam, I have always been cautioned to avoid mischief, but I never knew till today how dangerous she was.”)

Not all his military exercises went as planned. One morning a mock battle was staged between two full divisions. Duponceau was sent to reconnoiter, with orders to return immediately when the enemy was in sight. About a quarter of a mile from camp, he saw a blur of red which he mistook for a body of British soldiers. He raced back with the news that the enemy really was marching on the camp. Steuben’s division marched out smartly on the road Duponceau indicated and, drawing near to where the British had supposedly been seen, prepared to charge, when the red blur was discovered to be “some red petticoats hanging on a fence to dry.” Duponceau’s error naturally excited hilarity, to his own “utter confusion and dismay,” and summoned into Washington’s presence, he expected a reprimand. Instead, Washington passed aroud a bowl of punch to the officers present and invited Duponceau to share in the good cheer.

On March 24, Steuben put on a demonstration involving Washington’s whole army. All the brigades turned out, “each regiment on its own parade,” and after he took them through all the formations of their drill, he conducted maneuvers with ten and twelve battalions “with as much precision as the evolution of a single company.” A new spirit had entered the army. Its encampment became more orderly, and parades, maneuvers, and reviews exhibited a harmony of movement that gave thousands of soldiers the appearance of acting as a single body under the control of a single will. On March 28, Washington officially appointed Steuben inspector general of the army “till the pleasure of Congress shall be known … The Importance of establishing an uniform system of useful maneuvers, and regularity of discipline, must be obvious.” On May 5, Congress ratified the appointment and gave Steuben the rank of major general in the American army.